Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc. v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission

Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc. v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 31, 2025 Decided June 2, 2025
Full case name	Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc., et al. v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission, et al.
Docket no.	24-154
Citations	605 U.S. __ (more)
Argument	Oral argument
Questions presented
Whether a state violates the First Amendment's religion clauses by denying a religious organization an otherwise-available tax exemption because the organization does not meet the state's criteria for religious behavior?
Holding
The Wisconsin Supreme Court's decision denying Catholic Charities Bureau a tax exemption available to religious entities under Wisconsin law, because it was not "operated primarily for religious purposes" as it neither engaged in proselytization nor limited its charitable services to Catholics, violated the First Amendment.
Court membership
Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas · Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor · Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch · Brett Kavanaugh Amy Coney Barrett · Ketanji Brown Jackson
Case opinions
Majority	Sotomayor, joined by unanimous
Concurrence	Thomas
Concurrence	Jackson
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc. v. Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission, 605 U.S. ___ (2025), was a United States Supreme Court case that held the Wisconsin Supreme Court's decision denying Catholic Charities Bureau a tax exemption available to religious entities under Wisconsin law violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The Supreme Court found that Wisconsin's denial was unconstitutional because it discriminated against religious organizations based on their religious activities.^[1]

The Catholic Charities Bureau for the Diocese of Superior in Wisconsin sought an unemployment tax exemption for its employees under Wisconsin Statute § 108.02(15) . It argued that, as a Catholic charity guided by Catholic values, it operates to provide services to the poor and disadvantaged, and thus qualifies for the exemption under the tax law that excludes workers of organizations primarily run for religious purposes from being counted as "employees" for tax purposes. The state labor commission denied the request for exemption, concluding that even if its motivations were religious, the charity work itself was secular.^[2][3][4]

The Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld the labor commission's decision. It ruled that the group's activities were "primarily charitable and secular," as they do not proselytize and provide their services to people of all faiths.^[2]

Catholic Charities Bureau filed a writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court, which heard the oral arguments on March 31, 2025. 

Catholic Charities Bureau argued that the tax exemption denial violated church autonomy due to its separate incorporation from the Diocese, improperly involved the state in religious matters by questioning whether its services are religious, and discriminated against it by favoring groups that proselytize or serve only their own faith.^[5]

Wisconsin argued that the exemption only applies to clearly religious activities, such as worship or teaching; it’s meant for groups whose hiring decisions involve religious considerations; and denying the exemption doesn’t impact religious beliefs, only small financial benefits.^[5]

President Donald Trump's administration argued in support of Catholic Charities.^[6]

In June 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Wisconsin Supreme Court's ruling. Justice Sotomayor wrote the 9-0 opinion for the Court.^[1]

In citing the principle of denominational neutrality, Justice Sotomayor noted that since the group's Catholic beliefs actually forbid it from preaching or only helping Catholics, denying the exemption unfairly favors certain religions over others by making distinctions based on their religious practices. Applying strict scrutiny, the Court found that the Wisconsin unemployment tax scheme is not narrowly tailored to serve the state's interest in providing coverage for its unemployed citizens and, therefore, violates the First Amendment of the Constitution.  

Justices Thomas and Jackson wrote separate concurring opinions.

Text of Catholic Charities Bureau, Inc. v. Wisconsin Labor and Industry Review Commission, 605 U.S. ___ (2025), is available from: Cornell Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Supreme Court (slip opinion)